Cited Studies
Every evidence grade on Formulate traces back to primary research. This is the index of 129 clinical studies and meta-analyses cited across our guides and interaction pages — each linked to the PubMed article and cross-referenced against the content that cites it.
Other
29 studies- Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al. (2019)New England Journal of Medicine
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia (REDUCE-IT)
- Waldron M, Patterson SD, Tallent J, Jeffries O (2018)Sports Medicine
Effect of taurine on exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Liu et al. (2016)Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
Efficacy and Safety of MMFS-01, a Synapse Density Enhancer, for Treating Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults
- Li Y, Yao J, Han C, et al. (2016)Nutrients
Quercetin, inflammation and immunity
- Wankhede et al. (2015)Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial
- Bolland et al. (2015)BMJ
Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review
- Glade MJ, Smith K (2015)Nutrition
Phosphatidylserine and the human brain
- Gannon et al. (2014)J Ayurveda Integr Med
Subtle changes in thyroid indices during a placebo-controlled study of an extract of Withania somnifera in persons with bipolar disorder
- Mortensen SA, Rosenfeldt F, Kumar A, et al. (2014)JACC: Heart FailureGrade A
The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure (Q-SYMBIO trial)
- Madmani ME, Yusuf Solaiman A, Tamr Agha K, et al. (2014)Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure (Cochrane Review)
- Wilson et al. (2013)European Journal of Applied Physiology
The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power
- Schoenfeld, Aragon, and Krieger (2013)Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
The effect of protein timing on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a meta-analysis
- Loguercio C, Andreone P, Brisc C, et al. (2012)Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- Dean O, Giorlando F, Berk M (2011)Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry: current therapeutic evidence and potential mechanisms of action
- McFarland (2010)World Journal of Gastroenterology
Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients
- Hursel R, Viechtbauer W, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (2009)International Journal of Obesity
The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis
- Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, et al. (2008)Annals of Internal Medicine
Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Shao A, Hathcock JN (2008)Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine
- Gardner et al. (2007)Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis
Effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) and aspirin on platelet aggregation and platelet function analysis among older adults at risk of cardiovascular disease
- Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C (2007)Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Silymarin for the treatment of acute clinical hepatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- Wolfram S (2007)Journal of the American College of Nutrition
Effects of green tea and EGCG on cardiovascular and metabolic health
- Nieman DC, Henson DA, Davis JM, et al. (2007)Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive exercise
- Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, et al. (2006)Diabetes Care
Efficacy of orally administered alpha-lipoic acid for symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial
- Sima AA, Calvani M, Mehra M, Amato A (2005)Diabetes Care
Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, et al. (2004)Diabetic Medicine
Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis
- Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R (2003)International Clinical Psychopharmacology
Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of clinical trials
- Ruschitzka et al. (2000)Lancet
Acute heart transplant rejection due to Saint John's wort
- Crook TH, Tinklenberg J, Yesavage J, et al. (1991)Neurology
Effect of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment
- Okuda et al. (1973)Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Distribution and metabolism of CDP-choline in rats
Interactions & Safety
12 studies- Primary literature (2025)Observational study
Impact of Ginkgo biloba drug interactions on bleeding risk and coagulation profiles
- Primary literature (2024)Systematic review
Co-administration of St. John's wort and hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review
- Primary literature (2024)Monograph
St. John's Wort — StatPearls
- Rigotti et al. (2020)J Food Biochem
Clinical relevance of St John's wort drug interactions revisited
- Millery et al. (2015)AMIA Annu Symp Proc
Ginkgo and Warfarin Interaction in a Large Veterans Administration Population
- Lin et al. (2015)Stat Med
Interaction between warfarin and Chinese herbal medicines
- Primary literature (2014)Systematic review
Warfarin Interactions with Medicinal Herbs
- Bone (2008)Mol Nutr Food Res
Potential interaction of Ginkgo biloba leaf with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs: what is the evidence?
- Acosta-Rodriguez et al. (2007)Nat Immunol
St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes
- Evans et al. (2003)Anaesthesia
Interaction of St John's wort with low-dose oral contraceptive therapy: a randomized controlled trial
- Moschella et al. (2001)Am J Kidney Dis
Interaction between cyclosporine and Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) after organ transplantation
- Page et al. (1999)Pharmacotherapy
Potentiation of warfarin by dong quai
Vitamin D & K
12 studies- Neale et al. (2022)The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
The D-Health Trial: a randomised controlled trial of the effect of vitamin D on mortality
- Manson et al. (2019)New England Journal of Medicine
Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease
- Knapen et al. (2017)Thrombosis and Haemostasis
Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women
- Scragg et al. (2017)JAMA Cardiology
Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease (ViDA)
- Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, et al. (2017)BMJGrade B
Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data
- Violi et al. (2016)Medicine (Baltimore)
Interaction Between Dietary Vitamin K Intake and Anticoagulation by Vitamin K Antagonists: Is It Really True? A Systematic Review
- Dawson-Hughes et al. (2015)Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorption
- Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, et al. (2012)American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Holick et al. (2011)Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline
- Yamey et al. (2007)BMJ
Effect of fixed-dose vitamin K supplementation on INR stability in warfarin patients
- Holick MF (2007)New England Journal of Medicine
Vitamin D deficiency
- Couris et al. (2006)Int J Vitam Nutr Res
Dietary vitamin K variability affects International Normalized Ratio (INR) coagulation indices
Creatine
12 studies- Antonio et al. (2021)Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?
- Smith-Ryan et al. (2021)Nutrients
Creatine Supplementation in Women's Health: A Lifespan Perspective
- Avgerinos et al. (2018)Experimental Gerontology
Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: a systematic review of 6 randomized controlled trials
- Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, et al. (2017)Journal of the International Society of Sports NutritionGrade A
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine
- Antonio and Ciccone (2013)Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
The effects of pre versus post workout supplementation of creatine monohydrate on body composition and strength
- Cooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, Jimenez A (2012)Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update
- Jäger et al. (2011)Amino Acids
Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine
- Graef et al. (2009)Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
The effects of four weeks of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on cardiorespiratory fitness
- Hoffman et al. (2006)Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes
- Rawson ES, Volek JS (2003)Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength and weightlifting performance
- Hultman et al. (1996)Journal of Applied Physiology
Muscle creatine loading in men
- Harris, Söderlund, and Hultman (1992)Clinical Science
Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation
Ashwagandha & Adaptogens
9 studies- Primary literature (2026)Monograph
Memorial Sloan Kettering Integrative Medicine Monograph: Ashwagandha
- Primary literature (2022)Case report
Ashwagandha as a Unique Cause of Thyrotoxicosis Presenting with Supraventricular Tachycardia
- Lopresti et al. (2019)Medicine
An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract
- Salve J, Pate S, Debnath K, Langade D (2019)Cureus
An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract
- Sharma et al. (2018)J Altern Complement Med
Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Subclinical Hypothyroid Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
- Mao JJ, Xie SX, Zee J, et al. (2015)Phytomedicine
Rhodiola rosea versus sertraline for major depressive disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
- Pratte et al. (2014)Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha
- Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty S (2012)Indian Journal of Psychological MedicineGrade C
A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults
- Hung SK, Perry R, Ernst E (2011)Phytomedicine
The effectiveness and efficacy of Rhodiola rosea L.: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials
Omega-3 & Fish Oil
9 studies- Nicholls et al. (2020)JAMA
Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (STRENGTH)
- Skulas-Ray et al. (2019)Circulation
Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association
- Liao et al. (2019)Translational Psychiatry
Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: a meta-analysis
- Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. (2019)New England Journal of Medicine
Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer (VITAL trial)
- Aung et al. (2018)JAMA Cardiology
Associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplement use with cardiovascular disease risks: meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 77,917 individuals
- Albert et al. (2015)Scientific Reports
Fish oil supplements in New Zealand are highly oxidised and do not meet label content of n-3 PUFA
- Mori (2014)Fitoterapia
Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertension in humans
- Dyerberg et al. (2010)Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations
- Makrides et al. (2010)JAMA
Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment (MFGD)
Zinc & Minerals
8 studies- Hemilä H (2017)JRSM Open
Zinc lozenges and the common cold: a meta-analysis comparing zinc acetate and zinc gluconate, and the role of zinc dosage
- Stoffel NU, Cercamondi CI, Brittenham G, et al. (2017)Blood
Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women
- Singh M, Das RR (2013)Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Oral zinc for the common cold (Cochrane Review)
- Hurrell R, Egli I (2010)American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values
- Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. (2009)JAMA
Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)
- Willis et al. (2005)American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Zinc-induced copper deficiency: a report of three cases initially recognized on bone marrow examination
- Hallberg and Hulthén (2000)American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Prediction of dietary iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability
- Rayman MP (2000)Lancet
The importance of selenium to human health
Nootropics
7 studies- Hidese S, Ogawa S, Ota M, et al. (2017)Acta Neuropsychiatrica
Effects of chronic l-theanine administration in patients with major depressive disorder: an open-label study
- Alvarez-Sabin et al. (2013)Journal of the Neurological Sciences
Citicoline for acute ischemic stroke: long-term use for post-stroke cognitive function
- McGlade et al. (2012)Food and Nutrition Sciences
Improved attentional performance following citicoline administration in healthy adult women
- Timmers S, Konings E, Bilet L, et al. (2011)Cell Metabolism
Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans
- Nagano M, Shimizu K, Kondo R, et al. (2010)Biomedical Research
Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake
- Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, et al. (2009)Phytotherapy Research
Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Nobre AC, Rao A, Owen GN (2008)Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state
Magnesium
6 studies- Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF (2018)Nutrients
The role of magnesium in neurological disorders
- Zhang X, Li Y, Del Gobbo LC, et al. (2016)Hypertension
Effects of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials
- Abbasi B, Kimiagar M, Sadeghniiat K, et al. (2012)Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Rosanoff et al. (2012)Nutrition Reviews
Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States
- Slutsky et al. (2010)Neuron
Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium
- Firoz and Graber (2001)Magnesium Research
Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations
Probiotics & Gut
6 studies- Koushki M, Dashatan NA, Meshkani R (2018)Clinical Therapeutics
Resveratrol supplementation gut microbiota and brain function: a systematic review
- Goldenberg et al. (2017)Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children
- Ford et al. (2014)American Journal of Gastroenterology
Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Szajewska et al. (2013)Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children
- Ducrotté et al. (2012)World Journal of Gastroenterology
Clinical trial: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (DSM 9843) improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
- Whorwell et al. (2006)American Journal of Gastroenterology
Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome
Melatonin & Sleep
5 studies- Kawai N, Sakai N, Okuro M, et al. (2015)Neuropsychopharmacology
The sleep-promoting and hypothermic effects of glycine are mediated by NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH (2013)PLOS ONE
Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders
- Bannai and Kawai (2012)Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
New therapeutic strategy for amino acid medicine: glycine improves the quality of sleep
- Yamadera W, Inagawa K, Chiba S, et al. (2007)Sleep and Biological Rhythms
Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers
- Wade AG, Ford I, Crawford G, et al. (2007)Current Medical Research and Opinion
Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55–80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes
Vitamin B-complex & Folate
4 studies- Pouteau et al. (2018)PLOS ONE
Superiority of magnesium and vitamin B6 over magnesium alone on severe stress in healthy adults with low magnesemia
- Pawlak et al. (2014)European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
The prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12
- Stabler SP (2013)New England Journal of Medicine
Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Eussen SJ, de Groot LC, Clarke R, et al. (2005)Archives of Internal Medicine
Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial
Joint & Inflammation
4 studies- Sengupta K, Krishnaraju AV, Vishal AA, et al. (2010)International Journal of Medical Sciences
Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 5-LOXIN and AflapinAgainst osteoarthritis of the knee: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical study
- Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, et al. (2006)New England Journal of Medicine
Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis (GAIT trial)
- Kimmatkar N, Thawani V, Hingorani L, Khiyani R (2003)PhytomedicineGrade D
Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with osteoarthritis of knee
- Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Rovati LC, et al. (2001)Lancet
Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Berberine & Metabolic
2 studiesCollagen & Connective Tissue
2 studies- García-Coronado JM, Martínez-Olvera L, Elizondo-Omaña RE, et al. (2019)International Orthopaedics
Effect of collagen supplementation on osteoarthritis symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials
- Proksch E, Segger D, Degwert J, et al. (2014)Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Curcumin / Turmeric
2 studies- Kuptniratsaikul V, Dajpratham P, Taechaarpornkul W, et al. (2014)Clinical Interventions in Aging
Efficacy and safety of curcumin for osteoarthritis of the knee: 4-week study compared to ibuprofen
- Panahi Y, Rahimnia AR, Sharafi M, et al. (2014)Phytotherapy Research
Curcuminoid treatment for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
New studies are added as Formulate's content expands. If you see a study missing that should be here, it's probably on the queue for the next content pass. For the full methodology behind evidence grades, see how we score supplements.