Primary Research · 2021
Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?
Antonio et al. · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2021
Key finding
Systematic review comparing monohydrate to alternative forms — no meaningful difference in muscle creatine uptake.
Read the paper
Open on PubMedhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557850/
Cited in 1 guide
About this page
Formulate maintains a registry of clinical studies cited across its guides and evidence grades. This page links the study metadata to the content that cites it — one canonical entry per landmark study.
The full citation chain is public so readers can verify claims without hunting through individual guide pages. Browse all cited studies →
Note: Study summaries on this page are editorial interpretations of the research. Always consult the primary source before drawing clinical conclusions.