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Fatty Acid

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)

Also known as: EPA, 20:5n-3, icosapentaenoic acid

A
Evidence

EPA is a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with potent anti-inflammatory and mood-supporting properties. It plays a key role in cardiovascular health, mental health, and immune regulation.

Primary uses

  • Mood and mental health support (depression, anxiety)
  • Cardiovascular health and inflammation reduction
  • Joint health and inflammatory conditions
  • Immune function support
  • Skin health (acne, dermatitis)

How it works

  • Inhibits pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP)
  • Modulates serotonin and dopamine pathways
  • Supports endothelial function and vascular health
  • Reduces platelet aggregation and blood viscosity
  • Promotes resolution of inflammation via specialized mediators (resolvins, protectins)

Dosage

Typical range
250–2,000 mg daily
Timing
With meals (fat-soluble; better absorption with food)
With food
Recommended with a meal containing dietary fat
Duration
Benefits for mood typically emerge within 4–8 weeks; cardiovascular benefits may take 8–12 weeks; safe for long-term use
Special populations
Depression support: 1,000–2,000 mg/day effective in trials; cardiovascular patients: doses up to 4,000 mg/day studied; pregnancy: standard dose recommended for maternal omega-3 status

Forms

  • Triglyceride· 70/100
  • Ethyl ester· 70/100
  • Phospholipid (krill oil)· 70/100
  • Algae-derived· 70/100

Safety

Common side effects

  • Fishy aftertaste (fish-oil sources)
  • Mild gastrointestinal upset (nausea, loose stools)
  • Burping or reflux
  • Rare allergic reactions (seafood-allergic individuals)

Contraindications

  • Bleeding disorders or concurrent anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy (high doses may increase bleeding risk)
  • Seafood/fish allergy (algae-derived EPA is safe alternative)

Evidence notes

Strong RCT evidence for mood support (numerous trials for depression); consistent evidence for cardiovascular markers (triglycerides, inflammation). FDA-approved Vascepa (high-dose EPA) for hypertriglyceridemia in prescription setting demonstrates clinical efficacy.

Grade A: Multiple well-designed human trials support the main claims.

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Medical disclaimer. This page is educational and does not replace advice from a qualified healthcare provider.