Mineral
Copper (as Cupric Oxide)
Also known as: Copper, Cupric Oxide, Cu
Copper is an essential trace mineral required for iron metabolism, collagen synthesis, and antioxidant enzyme function. It plays critical roles in energy production and immune function.
Primary uses
- Cofactor for cytochrome c oxidase and other metalloenzymes
- Iron metabolism and hemoglobin formation
- Connective tissue synthesis
- Antioxidant defense via superoxide dismutase
How it works
- Required cofactor for multiple oxidative enzymes
- Facilitates electron transfer in the electron transport chain
- Essential for cross-linking collagen and elastin
Dosage
- Typical range
- 1.5–3 mg daily
- Timing
- With meals
- With food
- Recommended to reduce GI upset and enhance absorption
- Duration
- Safe for long-term supplementation at recommended levels
- Special populations
- Avoid excessive intake in those with Wilson's disease or genetic copper metabolism disorders
Forms
- Cupric oxide· 70/100
- Copper gluconate· 70/100
- Copper sulfate· 70/100
Safety
Common side effects
- Nausea and GI upset at high doses
- Metallic taste
- Headache
Contraindications
- Wilson's disease
- Cholestasis or liver disease affecting copper excretion
- Concurrent use of penicillamine without medical supervision
Evidence notes
Copper is an established essential mineral with well-characterized biochemical roles. Deficiency causes documented clinical symptoms; adequacy is supported by extensive metabolic research.
Grade A: Multiple well-designed human trials support the main claims.
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