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β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

Also known as: NAD+, NAD, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Beta-NAD

C
Evidence

NAD+ is a coenzyme essential for cellular energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and NAD+-dependent enzyme activity (sirtuins, PARPs). While NAD+ levels decline with age, oral supplementation has limited bioavailability; research on direct NAD+ supplementation in humans remains preliminary.

Primary uses

  • Cellular energy production
  • Mitochondrial function support
  • Age-related NAD+ decline
  • Sirtuin activation

How it works

  • Serves as electron acceptor in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
  • Substrate for NAD+-dependent enzymes (sirtuins, PARP, CD38)
  • Supports ATP production and redox balance

Dosage

Typical range
250-500 mg daily
Timing
Typically taken with meals
With food
May improve absorption; food does not significantly impair uptake
Duration
Long-term safety data in humans is limited; most studies are short-term (4-12 weeks)
Special populations
Safety in pregnancy, lactation, and children not established; use with caution in liver or kidney disease

Forms

  • Capsule· 70/100
  • Powder· 70/100
  • Tablet· 70/100

Safety

Common side effects

  • Mild nausea
  • Flushing (more common with high-dose niacin; less likely with NAD+ itself)
  • Headache (rare)

Contraindications

  • Active gout or hyperuricemia (theoretical risk from purine metabolism)
  • Severe liver disease
  • Uncontrolled hypertension

Evidence notes

Strong mechanistic rationale and animal data support NAD+ biology, but human RCT evidence for oral NAD+ supplementation is limited and inconsistent. Bioavailability concerns exist due to molecular size and intestinal degradation. Preclinical evidence is robust; clinical translation remains preliminary.

Grade C: Mostly observational or small trials; mechanism is plausible but unproven at scale.

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Medical disclaimer. This page is educational and does not replace advice from a qualified healthcare provider.